Nutritional counseling in childhood and adolescence: a systematic review,Frontiers in Nutrition

Healthy eating habits are the basis for good health status, especially for children and adolescents, when growth and development are still ongoing. Nutrition educational programs are essential to prevent and treat chronic diseases. Nutritional counseling (NC), as a collaborative process between the counselor and the client process, could help to achieve better outcomes. This review aims to collect information about the utilization of NC during childhood and adolescence and to highlight its possible impact on adherence/compliance rates, nutrition knowledge, status and dietary intake. The methods applied in this systematic review followed the instruction of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The search in PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, LILACS, and Science Direct included observational or randomized studies. RoB 2.0 and Robins-I tools was used for the risk of bias assessment in randomized and non-randomized studies, respectively. The quality of evidence was checked by the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool system. A total of 21 articles were selected, computing 4,345 individuals. 11 achieved at least 4 stars quality level. The highest risk of bias for randomized studies was related to the randomization process. 42.9% of non-randomized studies had some concerns of bias, mainly because of a lack of control of all confounding factors. Different strategies of NC were used in children and adolescents with positive results for health or diseases. NC strategies can be effectively used in children and adolescents. In general, NC showed benefits in pediatrics age for anthropometric or body composition parameters, dietary intake, nutrition knowledge and physical activity improvement. Performing NC in pediatrics is challenging due to the counseling strategies that must be adapted in their contents to the cognitive ability of each age. More structured research must be done focused on this population. Investments in healthy eating behaviors in pediatrics can lead to better health outcomes in the future population with substantial benefits to society.Systematic review registration[https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails], identifier [CRD42022374177].

中文翻译：

儿童和青少年时期的营养咨询：系统评价

健康的饮食习惯是良好健康状况的基础，尤其是对于仍在生长发育的儿童和青少年来说。营养教育计划对于预防和治疗慢性病至关重要。营养咨询（NC）作为咨询师和客户之间的协作过程，可以帮助实现更好的结果。本综述旨在收集有关儿童和青少年时期NC使用的信息，并强调其对依从性/依从率、营养知识、状况和膳食摄入量的可能影响。本系统评价中应用的方法遵循系统评价和荟萃分析的首选报告项目 (PRISMA) 的说明。 PubMed/Medline、Scopus、Web of Science、LILACS 和 Science Direct 中的检索包括观察性或随机研究。 RoB 2.0 和 Robins-I 工具分别用于随机和非随机研究中的偏倚风险评估。通过混合方法评估工具系统检查证据的质量。共入选文章21篇，计算4345人。 11 个达到至少 4 星质量水平。随机研究的最高偏倚风险与随机过程有关。 42.9%的非随机研究存在一定的偏倚担忧，主要是因为缺乏对所有混杂因素的控制。儿童和青少年使用了不同的 NC 策略，对健康或疾病产生了积极的结果。 NC 策略可有效用于儿童和青少年。总体而言，NC 在儿科年龄方面对人体测量或身体成分参数、饮食摄入、营养知识和体力活动改善表现出益处。 在儿科中进行 NC 具有挑战性，因为咨询策略的内容必须适应每个年龄段的认知能力。必须针对这一人群进行更有条理的研究。对儿科健康饮食行为的投资可以为未来人群带来更好的健康结果，为社会带来巨大利益。系统审查注册[ https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/#recordDetails ]，标识符[CRD42022374177]。

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